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v0.39.0.1 / Administration Guide / 01 Managing Databases

From Open Source (Always Free) to Enterprise, from Metabase Cloud to self-hosted, there’s a Metabase for everyone. Excel Online to Metabase. Precog for Excel Online connects directly to your Excel Online data via the API and lets you build the exact tables you need for BI or ML applications in minutes. Excel Services to Metabase.

• Excel Projects for $8 - $15. Building out metabase dashboards and creating custom spreadsheets.
• ELSE 'keep working on Excel' END AS expertsqlanddataviz. The tools you will master - Metabase, the perfect data visualization tool to run your data analysis - Heroku, to host your database - PGAdmin, to create your database and data set. Why is this course different from the others?
• Ideally I would like metabase table visualization to be able to mimic excel's 'paste as - transpose' feature and swap rows for columns, please note this is not the same as 'pivot table' feature introduced in 0.19, this is just plain tran.

Managing databases

If you already connected your database during the installation, you’ve probably covered a lot of this territory. But if you need to add another database or manage the settings of one you already have connected, just click the settings icon in the top right of Metabase and select Admin.

Cool, now you’re in the administration section of Metabase. Next, select Databases from the menu bar at the top of the screen to see your databases.

Adding a database connection

Now you’ll see a list of your databases. To connect another database to Metabase, click Add database.

Officially supported databases

• BigQuery (Google Cloud Platform)
• Druid
• Google Analytics (version 3; if you’re interested in support for version 4, let us know by adding your +1 to this issue (#12905))
• H2
• MongoDB (version 3.6 or higher)
• PostgreSQL
• Presto
• Redshift (Amazon Web Services)
• SparkSQL
• SQL Server
• SQLite

Don’t see the database you need here? Take a look at our Community Drivers page to see if someone’s built one, or learn how to get started building your own. Note that our hosted offering, Metabase Cloud, doesn’t support community drivers, meaning that (for now) you can only use Metabase Cloud with the officially supported databases listed above.

To add a database, you’ll need its connection information.

Getting connection information for databases on Heroku:

1. Go to https://postgres.heroku.com/databases.
2. Click on the database you want to connect to Metabase.
3. Write down the following information based on your database:
   • Hostname
   • Port
   • Username
   • Database Name
   • Password

Getting connection information for databases on Amazon’s RDS:

1. Go to your AWS Management Console.
   • Need help finding that? Visit https://My_AWS_Account_ID.signin.aws.amazon.com/console. Be sure to insert your own AWS Account ID, though!
2. Under “Database” services, click “RDS”.
3. Then click “Instances”.
4. Select the database you want to connect to Metabase.
5. Write down the following information based on your database:
   • Hostname - This is listed as the “Endpoint” parameter
   • Port - Find the port parameter under “Security and Network”
   • Username - Find this under “Configuration Details”
   • Database Name - Find this under “Configuration Details”
   • Password - Ask your database administrator for the password.

Errors When Connecting

If you’re experiencing errors when connecting to your database, check our troubleshooting guide for help.

Secure Socket Layer (SSL)

Metabase automatically tries to connect to databases with and without SSL. If it is possible to connect to your database with a SSL connection, Metabase will make that the default setting for your database. You can always change this setting later if you prefer to connect without this layer of security, but we highly recommend keeping SSL turned on to keep your data secure.

Database sync and analysis

By default, Metabase performs a lightweight hourly sync of your database, and a nightly deeper analysis of the fields in your tables to power some of Metabase’s features, like filter widgets.

If you’d like to change these default settings, find and click on your database in the Databases section of the Admin Panel, and turn on the toggle at the bottom of the form that says “This is a large database, so let me choose when Metabase syncs and scans.” (This is an option that used to be called “Enable in-depth analysis.”)

Save your changes, and you’ll see a new tab at the top of the form called “Scheduling.” Click on that, and you’ll see options to change when and how often Metabase syncs and scans.

Database syncing

Metabase maintains its own information about the various tables and fields in each database that is added to aid in querying. By default, Metabase performs this lightweight sync hourly to look for changes to the database such as new tables or fields. Metabase does not copy any data from your database. It only maintains lists of the tables and columns.

Syncing can be set to hourly, or daily at a specific time. Syncing can’t be turned off completely, otherwise Metabase wouldn’t work.

If you’d like to sync your database manually at any time, click on it from the Databases list in the admin panel and click on the Sync database schema now button on the right side of the screen:

Query auto-running settings

By default, Metabase will auto-run queries when you use the Summarize and Filter buttons when viewing a table or chart. If your users are exploring data that is stored in a slow database, you may want to turn the auto-run off to avoid re-running the query every time your users change an option in the Summarize view. Turning this off presents the users with the option to re-run the query when they choose to.

Scanning for field values

Metabase Excel出力

When Metabase first connects to your database, it takes a look at the metadata of the columns in your tables and automatically assigns them a type. Metabase also takes a sample of each table to look for URLs, JSON, encoded strings, etc. You can manually edit table and column metadata in Metabase at any time from the Data Model tab in the Admin Panel.

By default, Metabase also performs a more intensive daily sampling of each field’s values and caches the distinct values in order to make checkbox and select filters work in dashboards and SQL/native questions. This process can slow down large databases, so if you have a particularly large database, you can turn on the option to choose when Metabase scans, and select one of three scan options in the Scheduling tab:

• Regularly, on a schedule lets you choose to scan daily, weekly, or monthly, and also lets you choose what time of day, or which day of the month to scan. This is the best option if you have a relatively small database, or if the distinct values in your tables change often.
• Only when adding a new filter widget is a great option if you have a relatively large database, but you still want to enable dashboard and SQL/native query filters. With this option enabled, Metabase will only scan and cache the values of the field or fields that are required whenever a new filter is added to a dashboard or SQL/native question. For example, if you were to add a dashboard category filter, mapped to one field called Customer ID and another one called ID, only those two fields would be scanned at the moment the filter is saved.
• Never, I’ll do this manually if I need to is an option for databases that are either prohibitively large, or which never really have new values added. If you want to trigger a manual re-scan, click the button in the top-right of the database’s page that says “Re-scan field values now.”

If for some reason you need to flush out the cached field values for your database, click the button that says “Discard saved field values” in the top-right of the database’s page.

Re-scanning a single table or field

To re-scan a specific table, go to the Data Model section of the Admin Panel, select the table from the list, and click the gear icon in the top right of the page. Similarly, to do this for just a specific field, on the same Data Model page, find the field you want and click the gear icon on the far right of the field’s name and options.

On either the table settings or field settings page, you’ll see these options:

Deleting databases

To delete a database from Metabase, click on Remove this database from the database detail screen.

You can also delete a database from the database list: hover over the row with the database you want to remove and click the Delete button that appears.

Caution: Deleting a database is irreversible! All saved questions and dashboard cards based on the database will be deleted as well!

SSH tunneling in Metabase

Metabase has the ability to connect to some databases by first establishing a connection to a server in between Metabase and a data warehouse, then connect to the data warehouse using that connection as a bridge. This makes connecting to some data warehouses possible in situations that would otherwise prevent the use of Metabase.

When to use this feature

There are two basic cases for using an SSH tunnel rather than connecting directly:

• A direct connection is impossible
• A direct connection is forbidden due to a security policy

Sometimes when a data warehouse is inside an enterprise environment, direct connections are blocked by security devices such as firewalls and intrusion prevention systems. To work around this many enterprises offer a VPN, a bastion host, or both. VPNs are the more convenient and reliable option though bastion hosts are used frequently, especially with cloud providers such as Amazon Web Services where VPC (Virtual Private Clouds) don’t allow direct connections. Bastion hosts offer the option to first connect to a computer on the edge of the protected network, then from that computer establish a second connection to the data warehouse on the internal network and essentially patch these two connestions together. Using the SSH tunneling feature, Metabase is able to automate this process in many cases. If a VPN is available that should be used in preference to SSH tunneling.

How to use this feature

When connecting though a bastion host:

• Answer yes to the “Use an SSH-tunnel for database connections” parameter
• Enter the hostname for the data warehouse as it is seen from inside the network in the Host parameter.
• Enter the data warehouse port as seen from inside the network into the Port parameter.
• Enter the external name of the bastion host as seen from the outside of the network (or wherever you are) into the SSH tunnel host parameter.
• Enter the ssh port as seen from outside the network into the SSH tunnel port parameter. This is usually 22, regardless of which data warehouse you are connecting to.
• Enter the username and password you use to login to the bastion host into the SSH tunnel username and SSH tunnel password parameters.

If you are unable to connect test your ssh credentials by connecting to the SSH server/Bastion Host using ssh directly:

Another common case where direct connections are not possible is when connecting to a data warehouse that is only accessible locally and does not allow remote connections. In this case you will be opening an SSH connection to the data warehouse, then from there connecting back to the same computer.

• Answer yes to the “Use an SSH-tunnel for database connections” parameter
• Enter localhost in the Host parameter. This is the name the server
• Enter the same value in the Port parameter that you would use if you where sitting directly at the data warehouse host system.
• Enter the extenal name of the data warehouse, as seen from the outside of the network (or wherever you are) into the SSH tunnel host parameter.
• Enter the ssh port as seen from outside the network into the SSH tunnel port parameter. This is usually 22, regardless of which data warehouse you are connecting to.
• Enter the username and password you use to login to the bastion host into the SSH tunnel username and SSH tunnel password parameters.

If you have problems connecting verify the ssh host port and password by connecting manually using ssh or PuTTY on older windows systems.

Disadvantages to indirect connections

While using an ssh tunnel makes it possible to use a data warehouse that is otherwise not accessible it is almost always preferable to use a direct connection when possible:

There are several inherent limitations to connecting through a tunnel:

• If the enclosing SSH connection is closed because you put your computer to sleep or change networks, all established connections will be closed as well. This can cause delays resuming connections after suspending your laptop
• It’s almost always slower. The connection has to go through an additional computer.
• Opening new connections takes longer. SSH connections are slower to establish then direct connections.
• Multiple operations over the same SSH tunnel can block each other. This can increase latency in some cases.
• The number of connections through a bastion host is often limited by organizational policy.
• Some organizations have IT security policies forbidding using SSH tunnels to bypass security perimeters.

What if the built-in SSH tunnels don’t fit my needs?

This feature exists as a convenient wrapper around SSH and automates the common cases of connecting through a tunnel. It also makes connecting possible from systems that don’t have or allow shell access. Metabase uses a built in SSH client that does not depend on the installed system’s ssh client. This allows connecting from systems where it’s not possible to run SSH manually, it also means that Metabase cannot take advantage of authentication services provided by the system such as Windows Domain Authentication or Kerberos Authentication.

If you need to connect using a method not enabled by Metabase, you can often accomplish this by running ssh directly:

This allows you to use the full array of features included in ssh. If you find yourself doing this often, please let us know so we can see about making your process more convenient through Metabase.

Next: enabling features that send email

Metabase can send emails for certain features, like email invites, but first you need to set up an email account.

Metabase is a good, popular open-source BI tool that anyone can quickly install on your local environment to get a simple BI system up and running.

Yet when your analytics needs grow, you might face some of these pain points when using Metabase:

• Have your business users ever found Metabase’s “Ask a question” too limiting for complex queries, and end up coming back to the analytics team to ask for custom reports?
• Metabase only works well with a single SQL data source. If you have data from multiple sources, Metabase likely won't work well for you since it doesn't allow joining of data.
• With Metabase, you can only work directly with your database tables because everything in Metabase is designed for simplicity.

In this post, we'll share with you a few alternative options to that, and tell you which pain points of Metabase each of these alternative addresses. So depending on your needs you might be able to pick the right option to replace, or use alongside with Metabase.

The below list of options are only tools that eventually offer a drag-and-drop interface to end users. At the end of the post we also include a list of tools that is only designed for technical users, SQL-to-chart translation.

Holistics is a nice BI alternative to Metabase. It works similar to Metabase in a way that it allows you to map your database tables into models and relationships, and expose this to the end business users to 'self-service explore'.

Similars/Difference to Metabase:

• Both are built on top of SQL querying engine and both offers a drag-and-drop experience for non-technical users.
• Metabase fits only at at the visualization layer, Holistics offer additional ELT capabilities (data preparation).

Pros (compared to Metabase):

• A stronger data modeling layer that allows handling sophisticated raw data.
• Business users can ask more sophisticated questions using their Explore interface.
• Works well with non-SQL data sources as they offer a mini-ETL experience with common sources (MongoDB, Google Analytics, etc)
• Have an in-built DAG-like transformation layer so that you can transform raw data into aggregated datasets before exploration
• Cloud-based so it doesn't take time to setup.

Cons (compared to Metabase):

• Might not look as visually appealing as Metabase

Pricing:

• Free, paid plans start from $50-$500 per month.

Tableau is considered the best tool when it comes to visualization (prettiness) as it's their primary focus. Tableau is also recently acquired by Salesforce.

Similars or differences to Metabase:

• While Metabase translates everything to SQL, by default Tableau uses their in-memory datastore, making it more difficult to debug when things go wrong (you can't look at the SQL query to troubleshoot).

Pros (compared to Metabase):

• Pretty visualization (best in their class)
• Friendly for business users to build your own chartings
• Work with a wide range of data sources

Cons (compared to Metabase):

• To design charts effectively you need to use their Desktop version

Pricing:

• Based on user roles (Creator, Explorer, Viewer) with mimimum commitment required.
• They have a Free desktop version if you're publishing the reports publicly.

Coming out of Microsoft and with strong history of Excel and PowerPivot, PowerBI is a fine choice to replace Metabase. They also have ability to load custom visualization.

Similar/Difference from Metabase:

• While Metabase translates everything to SQL, by default PowerBI uses their in-memory datastore and their proprietary language DAX, making it more difficult to debug when things go wrong (you can't look at the SQL query to troubleshoot).

Just dance 2020 nintendo switch. Pros (compared to Metabase):

• Their explorer interface is comprehensive for end-business users to work with.
• They offer from loading data from multiple sources, to drag-and-drop transform UI, to visualization.

Cons (compared to Metabase):

• We suspect if you're more inclined towards SQL-backed data reporting like Metabase, you might not like Microsoft-style, Excel-like, proprietary approach of PowerBI.
• PowerBI Editor can only run on Desktop running Windows. (that's why we wrote a post on how to use PowerBI on Mac devices)
• Their best practice require you to host your data into PowerBI servers, i.e duplicating your data into their server.

Pricing:

Metabase Sqlite

• Free for single user (desktop)
• $10 per user for small-scale shared resource deployment
• Starts to get fairly expensive for medium-to-large scale deployment (starts at $5K USD a month - listed price on website).

Metabase Mobile

Looker (now part of Google) is quite a good BI tool to replace Metabase, but only if you're a big organization with large budget.

Metabase Free

Pros (compared to Metabase):

• Have a custom-built DSL layer (called LookML) to perform mapping between database tables and business logic, thus it's more flexible and customizable.
• Have an in-built transformation layer so that you can transform raw data into aggregated datasets before exploration
• Cloud-based so it doesn't take time to setup (as compared to Metabase)

Cons (compared to Metabase):

• Since they use their own DSL language to model data, it takes quite a learning curve to get started.
• It's also expensive and meant for large-scale deployment

Pricing:

• Quite expensive, starting from $3000/month.

If you don't need self-service capabilities that Metabase offers for business users, you can also check out these tools:

• Redash (open-source SQL to chart tools)
• Cluvio (SQL to chart tool, paid offering with a free plan)
• Superset (opensource, SQL to chart tool, coming out of Airbnb)
• Mode Analytics (SQL to chart tool with paid offering)